Wear resistant steel plate
Wear-resistant steel plates are engineered for their ability to withstand abrasion and wear in high-stress applications. Commonly used in mining, construction, and manufacturing for extended equipment longevity.
| Model | Hardness Range (HB) | Characteristics | Common Applications |
|---|---|---|---|
| NM360/NM400/NM450/NM500 | 360-500 | High strength, excellent wear resistance, good impact toughness | Mining machinery, construction machinery, conveyors |
| HARDOX 400/450/500/600 | 400-600 | Outstanding wear resistance with good weldability and formability; suitable for extreme wear environments | Heavy-duty equipment, mining, hoppers, conveyors |
| AR400/AR450/AR500 | 400-500 | High wear resistance for medium to heavy-duty wear conditions | Mining, bulldozer blades, buckets, heavy machinery |
| JFE-EH360/EH400 | 360-400 | Good wear resistance and impact toughness; suitable for forming and processing | Mining equipment, construction machinery, trucks |
| XAR400/XAR450/XAR500 | 400-500 | High wear resistance, combined with high toughness and processability | High-strength construction machinery, mining equipment, wear parts |
| DILLIDUR 400/450/500 | 400-500 | Excellent wear resistance and formability | Construction machinery, lifting equipment, mining |
Contents
1.What is wear-resistant steel plate and what are its main characteristics?
| ( ! ) Notice: Trying to access array offset on value of type bool in /var/www/html/wp-content/plugins/elementor/includes/base/widget-base.php on line 223 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Call Stack | ||||
| # | Time | Memory | Function | Location |
| 1 | 0.0003 | 358248 | {main}( ) | .../index.php:0 |
| 2 | 0.0003 | 358528 | require( '/var/www/html/wp-blog-header.php ) | .../index.php:17 |
| 3 | 0.0853 | 10827392 | require_once( '/var/www/html/wp-includes/template-loader.php ) | .../wp-blog-header.php:19 |
| 4 | 0.0864 | 10846536 | include( '/var/www/html/wp-content/plugins/elementor/modules/page-templates/templates/header-footer.php ) | .../template-loader.php:106 |
| 5 | 0.4213 | 21722000 | Elementor\Modules\PageTemplates\Module->print_content( ) | .../header-footer.php:19 |
| 6 | 0.4213 | 21722376 | call_user_func:{/var/www/html/wp-content/plugins/elementor/modules/page-templates/module.php:207}( $function_name = [0 => class Elementor\Modules\PageTemplates\Module { protected $print_callback = ...; private ${Elementor\Core\Base\Module}reflection = NULL; private ${Elementor\Core\Base\Module}components = [...]; private ${Elementor\Core\Base\Base_Object}settings = NULL }, 1 => 'print_callback'] ) | .../module.php:207 |
| 7 | 0.4213 | 21722456 | Elementor\Modules\PageTemplates\Module->print_callback( ) | .../module.php:207 |
| 8 | 0.4215 | 21732696 | the_content( $more_link_text = ???, $strip_teaser = ??? ) | .../module.php:190 |
| 9 | 0.4216 | 21732728 | apply_filters( $hook_name = 'the_content', $value = '<h1>Wear resistant steel plate</h1>\t\t\n\t\t<p>Wear-resistant steel plates are engineered for their ability to withstand abrasion and wear in high-stress applications. Commonly used in mining, construction, and manufacturing for extended equipment longevity.</p>\t\t\n\t\t\t<a role="button">\n\t\t\t\t\t\tContact Supplier\n\t\t\t\t\t</a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img width="500" height="500" src="https://huaxiao-materials.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Wear-resistant-steel-plate-5.jpg" alt="Wear resist' ) | .../post-template.php:256 |
| 10 | 0.4216 | 21733136 | WP_Hook->apply_filters( $value = '<h1>Wear resistant steel plate</h1>\t\t\n\t\t<p>Wear-resistant steel plates are engineered for their ability to withstand abrasion and wear in high-stress applications. Commonly used in mining, construction, and manufacturing for extended equipment longevity.</p>\t\t\n\t\t\t<a role="button">\n\t\t\t\t\t\tContact Supplier\n\t\t\t\t\t</a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img width="500" height="500" src="https://huaxiao-materials.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Wear-resistant-steel-plate-5.jpg" alt="Wear resist', $args = [0 => '<h1>Wear resistant steel plate</h1>\t\t\n\t\t<p>Wear-resistant steel plates are engineered for their ability to withstand abrasion and wear in high-stress applications. Commonly used in mining, construction, and manufacturing for extended equipment longevity.</p>\t\t\n\t\t\t<a role="button">\n\t\t\t\t\t\tContact Supplier\n\t\t\t\t\t</a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img width="500" height="500" src="https://huaxiao-materials.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Wear-resistant-steel-plate-5.jpg" alt="Wear resist'] ) | .../plugin.php:205 |
| 11 | 0.4228 | 21723200 | Elementor\Frontend->apply_builder_in_content( $content = '<h1>Wear resistant steel plate</h1>\t\t\n\t\t<p>Wear-resistant steel plates are engineered for their ability to withstand abrasion and wear in high-stress applications. Commonly used in mining, construction, and manufacturing for extended equipment longevity.</p>\t\t\n\t\t\t<a role="button">\n\t\t\t\t\t\tContact Supplier\n\t\t\t\t\t</a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img width="500" height="500" src="https://huaxiao-materials.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Wear-resistant-steel-plate-5.jpg" alt="Wear resist' ) | .../class-wp-hook.php:324 |
| 12 | 0.4228 | 21723576 | Elementor\Frontend->get_builder_content( $post_id = 3591, $with_css = ??? ) | .../frontend.php:1085 |
| 13 | 0.4233 | 22016680 | Elementor\Core\DocumentTypes\Post->print_elements_with_wrapper( $elements_data = [0 => ['id' => '3ca028dc', 'elType' => 'section', 'settings' => [...], 'elements' => [...], 'isInner' => ''], 1 => ['id' => '7fd68c20', 'elType' => 'section', 'settings' => [...], 'elements' => [...], 'isInner' => '']] ) | .../frontend.php:1190 |
| 14 | 0.4273 | 22087576 | Elementor\Core\DocumentTypes\Post->print_elements( $elements_data = [0 => ['id' => '3ca028dc', 'elType' => 'section', 'settings' => [...], 'elements' => [...], 'isInner' => ''], 1 => ['id' => '7fd68c20', 'elType' => 'section', 'settings' => [...], 'elements' => [...], 'isInner' => '']] ) | .../document.php:1200 |
| 15 | 0.4274 | 22087576 | Elementor\Core\DocumentTypes\Post->do_print_elements( $elements_data = [0 => ['id' => '3ca028dc', 'elType' => 'section', 'settings' => [...], 'elements' => [...], 'isInner' => ''], 1 => ['id' => '7fd68c20', 'elType' => 'section', 'settings' => [...], 'elements' => [...], 'isInner' => '']] ) | .../document.php:1799 |
| 16 | 0.4491 | 22205200 | Elementor\Element_Section->print_element( ) | .../document.php:1874 |
| 17 | 0.4503 | 22258432 | Elementor\Element_Section->print_content( ) | .../element-base.php:483 |
| 18 | 0.4537 | 22367568 | Elementor\Element_Column->print_element( ) | .../element-base.php:1443 |
| 19 | 0.4548 | 22420800 | Elementor\Element_Column->print_content( ) | .../element-base.php:483 |
| 20 | 0.4645 | 22716872 | ElementorPro\Modules\Carousel\Widgets\Media_Carousel->print_element( ) | .../element-base.php:1443 |
| 21 | 0.4645 | 22716936 | do_action( $hook_name = 'elementor/frontend/widget/before_render', ...$arg = variadic(class ElementorPro\Modules\Carousel\Widgets\Media_Carousel { private $lightbox_slide_index = NULL; private ${ElementorPro\Modules\Carousel\Widgets\Base}slide_prints_count = 0; protected $_has_template_content = TRUE; private ${Elementor\Widget_Base}is_first_section = FALSE; private ${Elementor\Element_Base}children = NULL; private ${Elementor\Element_Base}default_args = []; private ${Elementor\Element_Base}is_type_instance = FALSE; private ${Elementor\Element_Base}depended_scripts = []; private ${Elementor\Element_Base}depended_styles = []; private ${Elementor\Controls_Stack}id = '3fb6b07b'; private ${Elementor\Controls_Stack}active_settings = NULL; private ${Elementor\Controls_Stack}parsed_active_settings = NULL; private ${Elementor\Controls_Stack}parsed_dynamic_settings = NULL; private ${Elementor\Controls_Stack}data = ['id' => '3fb6b07b', 'settings' => [...], 'elements' => [...], 'isInner' => FALSE, 'widgetType' => 'media-carousel', 'elType' => 'widget']; private ${Elementor\Controls_Stack}config = NULL; private ${Elementor\Controls_Stack}additional_config = []; private ${Elementor\Controls_Stack}current_section = NULL; private ${Elementor\Controls_Stack}current_tab = NULL; private ${Elementor\Controls_Stack}current_popover = NULL; private ${Elementor\Controls_Stack}injection_point = FALSE; private ${Elementor\Controls_Stack}settings_sanitized = FALSE; private ${Elementor\Controls_Stack}render_attributes = []; private ${Elementor\Core\Base\Base_Object}settings = NULL }) ) | .../element-base.php:474 |
| 22 | 0.4645 | 22717312 | WP_Hook->do_action( $args = [0 => class ElementorPro\Modules\Carousel\Widgets\Media_Carousel { private $lightbox_slide_index = NULL; private ${ElementorPro\Modules\Carousel\Widgets\Base}slide_prints_count = 0; protected $_has_template_content = TRUE; private ${Elementor\Widget_Base}is_first_section = FALSE; private ${Elementor\Element_Base}children = NULL; private ${Elementor\Element_Base}default_args = [...]; private ${Elementor\Element_Base}is_type_instance = FALSE; private ${Elementor\Element_Base}depended_scripts = [...]; private ${Elementor\Element_Base}depended_styles = [...]; private ${Elementor\Controls_Stack}id = '3fb6b07b'; private ${Elementor\Controls_Stack}active_settings = NULL; private ${Elementor\Controls_Stack}parsed_active_settings = NULL; private ${Elementor\Controls_Stack}parsed_dynamic_settings = NULL; private ${Elementor\Controls_Stack}data = [...]; private ${Elementor\Controls_Stack}config = NULL; private ${Elementor\Controls_Stack}additional_config = [...]; private ${Elementor\Controls_Stack}current_section = NULL; private ${Elementor\Controls_Stack}current_tab = NULL; private ${Elementor\Controls_Stack}current_popover = NULL; private ${Elementor\Controls_Stack}injection_point = FALSE; private ${Elementor\Controls_Stack}settings_sanitized = FALSE; private ${Elementor\Controls_Stack}render_attributes = [...]; private ${Elementor\Core\Base\Base_Object}settings = NULL }] ) | .../plugin.php:517 |
| 23 | 0.4645 | 22717312 | WP_Hook->apply_filters( $value = '', $args = [0 => class ElementorPro\Modules\Carousel\Widgets\Media_Carousel { private $lightbox_slide_index = NULL; private ${ElementorPro\Modules\Carousel\Widgets\Base}slide_prints_count = 0; protected $_has_template_content = TRUE; private ${Elementor\Widget_Base}is_first_section = FALSE; private ${Elementor\Element_Base}children = NULL; private ${Elementor\Element_Base}default_args = [...]; private ${Elementor\Element_Base}is_type_instance = FALSE; private ${Elementor\Element_Base}depended_scripts = [...]; private ${Elementor\Element_Base}depended_styles = [...]; private ${Elementor\Controls_Stack}id = '3fb6b07b'; private ${Elementor\Controls_Stack}active_settings = NULL; private ${Elementor\Controls_Stack}parsed_active_settings = NULL; private ${Elementor\Controls_Stack}parsed_dynamic_settings = NULL; private ${Elementor\Controls_Stack}data = [...]; private ${Elementor\Controls_Stack}config = NULL; private ${Elementor\Controls_Stack}additional_config = [...]; private ${Elementor\Controls_Stack}current_section = NULL; private ${Elementor\Controls_Stack}current_tab = NULL; private ${Elementor\Controls_Stack}current_popover = NULL; private ${Elementor\Controls_Stack}injection_point = FALSE; private ${Elementor\Controls_Stack}settings_sanitized = FALSE; private ${Elementor\Controls_Stack}render_attributes = [...]; private ${Elementor\Core\Base\Base_Object}settings = NULL }] ) | .../class-wp-hook.php:348 |
| 24 | 0.4645 | 22717312 | ElementorPro\Modules\DisplayConditions\Module->before_element_render( $element = class ElementorPro\Modules\Carousel\Widgets\Media_Carousel { private $lightbox_slide_index = NULL; private ${ElementorPro\Modules\Carousel\Widgets\Base}slide_prints_count = 0; protected $_has_template_content = TRUE; private ${Elementor\Widget_Base}is_first_section = FALSE; private ${Elementor\Element_Base}children = NULL; private ${Elementor\Element_Base}default_args = []; private ${Elementor\Element_Base}is_type_instance = FALSE; private ${Elementor\Element_Base}depended_scripts = []; private ${Elementor\Element_Base}depended_styles = []; private ${Elementor\Controls_Stack}id = '3fb6b07b'; private ${Elementor\Controls_Stack}active_settings = NULL; private ${Elementor\Controls_Stack}parsed_active_settings = NULL; private ${Elementor\Controls_Stack}parsed_dynamic_settings = NULL; private ${Elementor\Controls_Stack}data = ['id' => '3fb6b07b', 'settings' => [...], 'elements' => [...], 'isInner' => FALSE, 'widgetType' => 'media-carousel', 'elType' => 'widget']; private ${Elementor\Controls_Stack}config = NULL; private ${Elementor\Controls_Stack}additional_config = []; private ${Elementor\Controls_Stack}current_section = NULL; private ${Elementor\Controls_Stack}current_tab = NULL; private ${Elementor\Controls_Stack}current_popover = NULL; private ${Elementor\Controls_Stack}injection_point = FALSE; private ${Elementor\Controls_Stack}settings_sanitized = FALSE; private ${Elementor\Controls_Stack}render_attributes = []; private ${Elementor\Core\Base\Base_Object}settings = NULL } ) | .../class-wp-hook.php:324 |
| 25 | 0.4645 | 22717312 | ElementorPro\Modules\Carousel\Widgets\Media_Carousel->get_settings_for_display( $setting_key = ??? ) | .../module.php:173 |
| 26 | 0.4645 | 22717312 | ElementorPro\Modules\Carousel\Widgets\Media_Carousel->get_parsed_dynamic_settings( $setting = ???, $settings = ??? ) | .../controls-stack.php:1263 |
| 27 | 0.4645 | 22717312 | ElementorPro\Modules\Carousel\Widgets\Media_Carousel->get_settings( $setting = ??? ) | .../controls-stack.php:1172 |
| 28 | 0.4645 | 22717312 | ElementorPro\Modules\Carousel\Widgets\Media_Carousel->ensure_settings( ) | .../base-object.php:40 |
| 29 | 0.4645 | 22717312 | ElementorPro\Modules\Carousel\Widgets\Media_Carousel->get_init_settings( ) | .../base-object.php:142 |
| 30 | 0.4645 | 22717312 | ElementorPro\Modules\Carousel\Widgets\Media_Carousel->get_data( $item = 'settings' ) | .../controls-stack.php:2218 |
| 31 | 0.4645 | 22717312 | ElementorPro\Modules\Carousel\Widgets\Media_Carousel->sanitize_settings( $settings = ['skin' => 'coverflow', 'slides' => [0 => [...], 1 => [...]], 'display_condition_list' => [0 => [...]]], $controls = ??? ) | .../controls-stack.php:1158 |
| 32 | 0.4645 | 22717312 | ElementorPro\Modules\Carousel\Widgets\Media_Carousel->get_controls( $control_id = ??? ) | .../controls-stack.php:2475 |
| 33 | 0.4645 | 22717312 | ElementorPro\Modules\Carousel\Widgets\Media_Carousel->get_stack( $with_common_controls = ??? ) | .../controls-stack.php:314 |
| 34 | 0.4645 | 22717312 | ElementorPro\Modules\Carousel\Widgets\Media_Carousel->get_stack( ) | .../widget-base.php:192 |
| 35 | 0.4645 | 22717312 | ElementorPro\Modules\Carousel\Widgets\Media_Carousel->init_controls( ) | .../controls-stack.php:569 |
| 36 | 0.4645 | 22717312 | ElementorPro\Modules\Carousel\Widgets\Media_Carousel->init_controls( ) | .../widget-base.php:1065 |
| 37 | 0.4645 | 22717688 | ElementorPro\Modules\Carousel\Widgets\Media_Carousel->register_controls( ) | .../controls-stack.php:2386 |
| 38 | 0.4665 | 22760672 | ElementorPro\Modules\Carousel\Widgets\Media_Carousel->add_injections( ) | .../media-carousel.php:146 |
| 39 | 0.4668 | 22767576 | ElementorPro\Modules\Carousel\Widgets\Media_Carousel->add_group_control( $group_name = 'text-shadow', $args = ['name' => 'play_icon_text_shadow', 'selector' => '{{WRAPPER}} .elementor-custom-embed-play i', 'fields_options' => ['text_shadow_type' => [...]]], $options = ??? ) | .../media-carousel.php:493 |
| 40 | 0.4668 | 22767576 | Elementor\Group_Control_Text_Shadow->add_controls( $element = class ElementorPro\Modules\Carousel\Widgets\Media_Carousel { private $lightbox_slide_index = NULL; private ${ElementorPro\Modules\Carousel\Widgets\Base}slide_prints_count = 0; protected $_has_template_content = TRUE; private ${Elementor\Widget_Base}is_first_section = FALSE; private ${Elementor\Element_Base}children = NULL; private ${Elementor\Element_Base}default_args = []; private ${Elementor\Element_Base}is_type_instance = FALSE; private ${Elementor\Element_Base}depended_scripts = []; private ${Elementor\Element_Base}depended_styles = []; private ${Elementor\Controls_Stack}id = '3fb6b07b'; private ${Elementor\Controls_Stack}active_settings = NULL; private ${Elementor\Controls_Stack}parsed_active_settings = NULL; private ${Elementor\Controls_Stack}parsed_dynamic_settings = NULL; private ${Elementor\Controls_Stack}data = ['id' => '3fb6b07b', 'settings' => [...], 'elements' => [...], 'isInner' => FALSE, 'widgetType' => 'media-carousel', 'elType' => 'widget']; private ${Elementor\Controls_Stack}config = NULL; private ${Elementor\Controls_Stack}additional_config = []; private ${Elementor\Controls_Stack}current_section = NULL; private ${Elementor\Controls_Stack}current_tab = NULL; private ${Elementor\Controls_Stack}current_popover = NULL; private ${Elementor\Controls_Stack}injection_point = FALSE; private ${Elementor\Controls_Stack}settings_sanitized = FALSE; private ${Elementor\Controls_Stack}render_attributes = []; private ${Elementor\Core\Base\Base_Object}settings = NULL }, $user_args = ['name' => 'play_icon_text_shadow', 'selector' => '{{WRAPPER}} .elementor-custom-embed-play i', 'fields_options' => ['text_shadow_type' => [...]]], $options = [] ) | .../controls-stack.php:780 |
| 41 | 0.4669 | 22771600 | ElementorPro\Modules\Carousel\Widgets\Media_Carousel->end_popover( ) | .../base.php:130 |
| 42 | 0.4669 | 22771224 | ElementorPro\Modules\Carousel\Widgets\Media_Carousel->get_pointer_index( ) | .../controls-stack.php:1828 |
| ( ! ) Notice: Undefined offset: -1 in /var/www/html/wp-content/plugins/elementor/includes/base/controls-stack.php on line 695 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Call Stack | ||||
| # | Time | Memory | Function | Location |
| 1 | 0.0003 | 358248 | {main}( ) | .../index.php:0 |
| 2 | 0.0003 | 358528 | require( '/var/www/html/wp-blog-header.php ) | .../index.php:17 |
| 3 | 0.0853 | 10827392 | require_once( '/var/www/html/wp-includes/template-loader.php ) | .../wp-blog-header.php:19 |
| 4 | 0.0864 | 10846536 | include( '/var/www/html/wp-content/plugins/elementor/modules/page-templates/templates/header-footer.php ) | .../template-loader.php:106 |
| 5 | 0.4213 | 21722000 | Elementor\Modules\PageTemplates\Module->print_content( ) | .../header-footer.php:19 |
| 6 | 0.4213 | 21722376 | call_user_func:{/var/www/html/wp-content/plugins/elementor/modules/page-templates/module.php:207}( $function_name = [0 => class Elementor\Modules\PageTemplates\Module { protected $print_callback = ...; private ${Elementor\Core\Base\Module}reflection = NULL; private ${Elementor\Core\Base\Module}components = [...]; private ${Elementor\Core\Base\Base_Object}settings = NULL }, 1 => 'print_callback'] ) | .../module.php:207 |
| 7 | 0.4213 | 21722456 | Elementor\Modules\PageTemplates\Module->print_callback( ) | .../module.php:207 |
| 8 | 0.4215 | 21732696 | the_content( $more_link_text = ???, $strip_teaser = ??? ) | .../module.php:190 |
| 9 | 0.4216 | 21732728 | apply_filters( $hook_name = 'the_content', $value = '<h1>Wear resistant steel plate</h1>\t\t\n\t\t<p>Wear-resistant steel plates are engineered for their ability to withstand abrasion and wear in high-stress applications. Commonly used in mining, construction, and manufacturing for extended equipment longevity.</p>\t\t\n\t\t\t<a role="button">\n\t\t\t\t\t\tContact Supplier\n\t\t\t\t\t</a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img width="500" height="500" src="https://huaxiao-materials.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Wear-resistant-steel-plate-5.jpg" alt="Wear resist' ) | .../post-template.php:256 |
| 10 | 0.4216 | 21733136 | WP_Hook->apply_filters( $value = '<h1>Wear resistant steel plate</h1>\t\t\n\t\t<p>Wear-resistant steel plates are engineered for their ability to withstand abrasion and wear in high-stress applications. Commonly used in mining, construction, and manufacturing for extended equipment longevity.</p>\t\t\n\t\t\t<a role="button">\n\t\t\t\t\t\tContact Supplier\n\t\t\t\t\t</a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img width="500" height="500" src="https://huaxiao-materials.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Wear-resistant-steel-plate-5.jpg" alt="Wear resist', $args = [0 => '<h1>Wear resistant steel plate</h1>\t\t\n\t\t<p>Wear-resistant steel plates are engineered for their ability to withstand abrasion and wear in high-stress applications. Commonly used in mining, construction, and manufacturing for extended equipment longevity.</p>\t\t\n\t\t\t<a role="button">\n\t\t\t\t\t\tContact Supplier\n\t\t\t\t\t</a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img width="500" height="500" src="https://huaxiao-materials.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Wear-resistant-steel-plate-5.jpg" alt="Wear resist'] ) | .../plugin.php:205 |
| 11 | 0.4228 | 21723200 | Elementor\Frontend->apply_builder_in_content( $content = '<h1>Wear resistant steel plate</h1>\t\t\n\t\t<p>Wear-resistant steel plates are engineered for their ability to withstand abrasion and wear in high-stress applications. Commonly used in mining, construction, and manufacturing for extended equipment longevity.</p>\t\t\n\t\t\t<a role="button">\n\t\t\t\t\t\tContact Supplier\n\t\t\t\t\t</a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img width="500" height="500" src="https://huaxiao-materials.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Wear-resistant-steel-plate-5.jpg" alt="Wear resist' ) | .../class-wp-hook.php:324 |
| 12 | 0.4228 | 21723576 | Elementor\Frontend->get_builder_content( $post_id = 3591, $with_css = ??? ) | .../frontend.php:1085 |
| 13 | 0.4233 | 22016680 | Elementor\Core\DocumentTypes\Post->print_elements_with_wrapper( $elements_data = [0 => ['id' => '3ca028dc', 'elType' => 'section', 'settings' => [...], 'elements' => [...], 'isInner' => ''], 1 => ['id' => '7fd68c20', 'elType' => 'section', 'settings' => [...], 'elements' => [...], 'isInner' => '']] ) | .../frontend.php:1190 |
| 14 | 0.4273 | 22087576 | Elementor\Core\DocumentTypes\Post->print_elements( $elements_data = [0 => ['id' => '3ca028dc', 'elType' => 'section', 'settings' => [...], 'elements' => [...], 'isInner' => ''], 1 => ['id' => '7fd68c20', 'elType' => 'section', 'settings' => [...], 'elements' => [...], 'isInner' => '']] ) | .../document.php:1200 |
| 15 | 0.4274 | 22087576 | Elementor\Core\DocumentTypes\Post->do_print_elements( $elements_data = [0 => ['id' => '3ca028dc', 'elType' => 'section', 'settings' => [...], 'elements' => [...], 'isInner' => ''], 1 => ['id' => '7fd68c20', 'elType' => 'section', 'settings' => [...], 'elements' => [...], 'isInner' => '']] ) | .../document.php:1799 |
| 16 | 0.4491 | 22205200 | Elementor\Element_Section->print_element( ) | .../document.php:1874 |
| 17 | 0.4503 | 22258432 | Elementor\Element_Section->print_content( ) | .../element-base.php:483 |
| 18 | 0.4537 | 22367568 | Elementor\Element_Column->print_element( ) | .../element-base.php:1443 |
| 19 | 0.4548 | 22420800 | Elementor\Element_Column->print_content( ) | .../element-base.php:483 |
| 20 | 0.4645 | 22716872 | ElementorPro\Modules\Carousel\Widgets\Media_Carousel->print_element( ) | .../element-base.php:1443 |
| 21 | 0.4645 | 22716936 | do_action( $hook_name = 'elementor/frontend/widget/before_render', ...$arg = variadic(class ElementorPro\Modules\Carousel\Widgets\Media_Carousel { private $lightbox_slide_index = NULL; private ${ElementorPro\Modules\Carousel\Widgets\Base}slide_prints_count = 0; protected $_has_template_content = TRUE; private ${Elementor\Widget_Base}is_first_section = FALSE; private ${Elementor\Element_Base}children = NULL; private ${Elementor\Element_Base}default_args = []; private ${Elementor\Element_Base}is_type_instance = FALSE; private ${Elementor\Element_Base}depended_scripts = []; private ${Elementor\Element_Base}depended_styles = []; private ${Elementor\Controls_Stack}id = '3fb6b07b'; private ${Elementor\Controls_Stack}active_settings = NULL; private ${Elementor\Controls_Stack}parsed_active_settings = NULL; private ${Elementor\Controls_Stack}parsed_dynamic_settings = NULL; private ${Elementor\Controls_Stack}data = ['id' => '3fb6b07b', 'settings' => [...], 'elements' => [...], 'isInner' => FALSE, 'widgetType' => 'media-carousel', 'elType' => 'widget']; private ${Elementor\Controls_Stack}config = NULL; private ${Elementor\Controls_Stack}additional_config = []; private ${Elementor\Controls_Stack}current_section = NULL; private ${Elementor\Controls_Stack}current_tab = NULL; private ${Elementor\Controls_Stack}current_popover = NULL; private ${Elementor\Controls_Stack}injection_point = FALSE; private ${Elementor\Controls_Stack}settings_sanitized = FALSE; private ${Elementor\Controls_Stack}render_attributes = []; private ${Elementor\Core\Base\Base_Object}settings = NULL }) ) | .../element-base.php:474 |
| 22 | 0.4645 | 22717312 | WP_Hook->do_action( $args = [0 => class ElementorPro\Modules\Carousel\Widgets\Media_Carousel { private $lightbox_slide_index = NULL; private ${ElementorPro\Modules\Carousel\Widgets\Base}slide_prints_count = 0; protected $_has_template_content = TRUE; private ${Elementor\Widget_Base}is_first_section = FALSE; private ${Elementor\Element_Base}children = NULL; private ${Elementor\Element_Base}default_args = [...]; private ${Elementor\Element_Base}is_type_instance = FALSE; private ${Elementor\Element_Base}depended_scripts = [...]; private ${Elementor\Element_Base}depended_styles = [...]; private ${Elementor\Controls_Stack}id = '3fb6b07b'; private ${Elementor\Controls_Stack}active_settings = NULL; private ${Elementor\Controls_Stack}parsed_active_settings = NULL; private ${Elementor\Controls_Stack}parsed_dynamic_settings = NULL; private ${Elementor\Controls_Stack}data = [...]; private ${Elementor\Controls_Stack}config = NULL; private ${Elementor\Controls_Stack}additional_config = [...]; private ${Elementor\Controls_Stack}current_section = NULL; private ${Elementor\Controls_Stack}current_tab = NULL; private ${Elementor\Controls_Stack}current_popover = NULL; private ${Elementor\Controls_Stack}injection_point = FALSE; private ${Elementor\Controls_Stack}settings_sanitized = FALSE; private ${Elementor\Controls_Stack}render_attributes = [...]; private ${Elementor\Core\Base\Base_Object}settings = NULL }] ) | .../plugin.php:517 |
| 23 | 0.4645 | 22717312 | WP_Hook->apply_filters( $value = '', $args = [0 => class ElementorPro\Modules\Carousel\Widgets\Media_Carousel { private $lightbox_slide_index = NULL; private ${ElementorPro\Modules\Carousel\Widgets\Base}slide_prints_count = 0; protected $_has_template_content = TRUE; private ${Elementor\Widget_Base}is_first_section = FALSE; private ${Elementor\Element_Base}children = NULL; private ${Elementor\Element_Base}default_args = [...]; private ${Elementor\Element_Base}is_type_instance = FALSE; private ${Elementor\Element_Base}depended_scripts = [...]; private ${Elementor\Element_Base}depended_styles = [...]; private ${Elementor\Controls_Stack}id = '3fb6b07b'; private ${Elementor\Controls_Stack}active_settings = NULL; private ${Elementor\Controls_Stack}parsed_active_settings = NULL; private ${Elementor\Controls_Stack}parsed_dynamic_settings = NULL; private ${Elementor\Controls_Stack}data = [...]; private ${Elementor\Controls_Stack}config = NULL; private ${Elementor\Controls_Stack}additional_config = [...]; private ${Elementor\Controls_Stack}current_section = NULL; private ${Elementor\Controls_Stack}current_tab = NULL; private ${Elementor\Controls_Stack}current_popover = NULL; private ${Elementor\Controls_Stack}injection_point = FALSE; private ${Elementor\Controls_Stack}settings_sanitized = FALSE; private ${Elementor\Controls_Stack}render_attributes = [...]; private ${Elementor\Core\Base\Base_Object}settings = NULL }] ) | .../class-wp-hook.php:348 |
| 24 | 0.4645 | 22717312 | ElementorPro\Modules\DisplayConditions\Module->before_element_render( $element = class ElementorPro\Modules\Carousel\Widgets\Media_Carousel { private $lightbox_slide_index = NULL; private ${ElementorPro\Modules\Carousel\Widgets\Base}slide_prints_count = 0; protected $_has_template_content = TRUE; private ${Elementor\Widget_Base}is_first_section = FALSE; private ${Elementor\Element_Base}children = NULL; private ${Elementor\Element_Base}default_args = []; private ${Elementor\Element_Base}is_type_instance = FALSE; private ${Elementor\Element_Base}depended_scripts = []; private ${Elementor\Element_Base}depended_styles = []; private ${Elementor\Controls_Stack}id = '3fb6b07b'; private ${Elementor\Controls_Stack}active_settings = NULL; private ${Elementor\Controls_Stack}parsed_active_settings = NULL; private ${Elementor\Controls_Stack}parsed_dynamic_settings = NULL; private ${Elementor\Controls_Stack}data = ['id' => '3fb6b07b', 'settings' => [...], 'elements' => [...], 'isInner' => FALSE, 'widgetType' => 'media-carousel', 'elType' => 'widget']; private ${Elementor\Controls_Stack}config = NULL; private ${Elementor\Controls_Stack}additional_config = []; private ${Elementor\Controls_Stack}current_section = NULL; private ${Elementor\Controls_Stack}current_tab = NULL; private ${Elementor\Controls_Stack}current_popover = NULL; private ${Elementor\Controls_Stack}injection_point = FALSE; private ${Elementor\Controls_Stack}settings_sanitized = FALSE; private ${Elementor\Controls_Stack}render_attributes = []; private ${Elementor\Core\Base\Base_Object}settings = NULL } ) | .../class-wp-hook.php:324 |
| 25 | 0.4645 | 22717312 | ElementorPro\Modules\Carousel\Widgets\Media_Carousel->get_settings_for_display( $setting_key = ??? ) | .../module.php:173 |
| 26 | 0.4645 | 22717312 | ElementorPro\Modules\Carousel\Widgets\Media_Carousel->get_parsed_dynamic_settings( $setting = ???, $settings = ??? ) | .../controls-stack.php:1263 |
| 27 | 0.4645 | 22717312 | ElementorPro\Modules\Carousel\Widgets\Media_Carousel->get_settings( $setting = ??? ) | .../controls-stack.php:1172 |
| 28 | 0.4645 | 22717312 | ElementorPro\Modules\Carousel\Widgets\Media_Carousel->ensure_settings( ) | .../base-object.php:40 |
| 29 | 0.4645 | 22717312 | ElementorPro\Modules\Carousel\Widgets\Media_Carousel->get_init_settings( ) | .../base-object.php:142 |
| 30 | 0.4645 | 22717312 | ElementorPro\Modules\Carousel\Widgets\Media_Carousel->get_data( $item = 'settings' ) | .../controls-stack.php:2218 |
| 31 | 0.4645 | 22717312 | ElementorPro\Modules\Carousel\Widgets\Media_Carousel->sanitize_settings( $settings = ['skin' => 'coverflow', 'slides' => [0 => [...], 1 => [...]], 'display_condition_list' => [0 => [...]]], $controls = ??? ) | .../controls-stack.php:1158 |
| 32 | 0.4645 | 22717312 | ElementorPro\Modules\Carousel\Widgets\Media_Carousel->get_controls( $control_id = ??? ) | .../controls-stack.php:2475 |
| 33 | 0.4645 | 22717312 | ElementorPro\Modules\Carousel\Widgets\Media_Carousel->get_stack( $with_common_controls = ??? ) | .../controls-stack.php:314 |
| 34 | 0.4645 | 22717312 | ElementorPro\Modules\Carousel\Widgets\Media_Carousel->get_stack( ) | .../widget-base.php:192 |
| 35 | 0.4645 | 22717312 | ElementorPro\Modules\Carousel\Widgets\Media_Carousel->init_controls( ) | .../controls-stack.php:569 |
| 36 | 0.4645 | 22717312 | ElementorPro\Modules\Carousel\Widgets\Media_Carousel->init_controls( ) | .../widget-base.php:1065 |
| 37 | 0.4645 | 22717688 | ElementorPro\Modules\Carousel\Widgets\Media_Carousel->register_controls( ) | .../controls-stack.php:2386 |
| 38 | 0.4665 | 22760672 | ElementorPro\Modules\Carousel\Widgets\Media_Carousel->add_injections( ) | .../media-carousel.php:146 |
| 39 | 0.4668 | 22767576 | ElementorPro\Modules\Carousel\Widgets\Media_Carousel->add_group_control( $group_name = 'text-shadow', $args = ['name' => 'play_icon_text_shadow', 'selector' => '{{WRAPPER}} .elementor-custom-embed-play i', 'fields_options' => ['text_shadow_type' => [...]]], $options = ??? ) | .../media-carousel.php:493 |
| 40 | 0.4668 | 22767576 | Elementor\Group_Control_Text_Shadow->add_controls( $element = class ElementorPro\Modules\Carousel\Widgets\Media_Carousel { private $lightbox_slide_index = NULL; private ${ElementorPro\Modules\Carousel\Widgets\Base}slide_prints_count = 0; protected $_has_template_content = TRUE; private ${Elementor\Widget_Base}is_first_section = FALSE; private ${Elementor\Element_Base}children = NULL; private ${Elementor\Element_Base}default_args = []; private ${Elementor\Element_Base}is_type_instance = FALSE; private ${Elementor\Element_Base}depended_scripts = []; private ${Elementor\Element_Base}depended_styles = []; private ${Elementor\Controls_Stack}id = '3fb6b07b'; private ${Elementor\Controls_Stack}active_settings = NULL; private ${Elementor\Controls_Stack}parsed_active_settings = NULL; private ${Elementor\Controls_Stack}parsed_dynamic_settings = NULL; private ${Elementor\Controls_Stack}data = ['id' => '3fb6b07b', 'settings' => [...], 'elements' => [...], 'isInner' => FALSE, 'widgetType' => 'media-carousel', 'elType' => 'widget']; private ${Elementor\Controls_Stack}config = NULL; private ${Elementor\Controls_Stack}additional_config = []; private ${Elementor\Controls_Stack}current_section = NULL; private ${Elementor\Controls_Stack}current_tab = NULL; private ${Elementor\Controls_Stack}current_popover = NULL; private ${Elementor\Controls_Stack}injection_point = FALSE; private ${Elementor\Controls_Stack}settings_sanitized = FALSE; private ${Elementor\Controls_Stack}render_attributes = []; private ${Elementor\Core\Base\Base_Object}settings = NULL }, $user_args = ['name' => 'play_icon_text_shadow', 'selector' => '{{WRAPPER}} .elementor-custom-embed-play i', 'fields_options' => ['text_shadow_type' => [...]]], $options = [] ) | .../controls-stack.php:780 |
| 41 | 0.4669 | 22771600 | ElementorPro\Modules\Carousel\Widgets\Media_Carousel->end_popover( ) | .../base.php:130 |
| 42 | 0.4695 | 22793416 | ElementorPro\Modules\Carousel\Widgets\Media_Carousel->get_control_key( $control_index = -1 ) | .../controls-stack.php:1828 |
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Wear-resistant steel plate, also known as abrasion-resistant or AR steel plate, is a type of specialized steel designed to resist mechanical wear and abrasion, making it suitable for applications where components are exposed to abrasive or erosive forces. Here are the main characteristics of wear-resistant steel plate:
High Hardness:
- Wear-resistant steel plates are engineered to have a high surface hardness, typically achieved through heat treatment processes. This hardness helps the steel withstand abrasive wear, which occurs when materials rub against the surface.
Excellent Wear Resistance:
- The primary feature of wear-resistant steel is its exceptional resistance to wear and abrasion. It maintains its surface integrity even in harsh environments where materials like sand, gravel, minerals, or other abrasive substances are present.
Impact Resistance:
- While wear-resistant steel primarily addresses wear and abrasion, it often exhibits good impact resistance as well. This makes it suitable for applications where both abrasive wear and impact forces are factors, such as mining equipment.
Toughness:
- Despite its high hardness, wear-resistant steel plates are designed to maintain a degree of toughness, which prevents cracking or fracturing when subjected to impact loads. This toughness is achieved through careful alloying and heat treatment.
Weldability:
- Some wear-resistant steel grades are designed to be weldable, allowing for the repair or modification of components in the field. Welding processes may require specific procedures to maintain the material’s wear-resistant properties.
Corrosion Resistance:
- Depending on the alloy composition, wear-resistant steel can also exhibit good corrosion resistance. This is important for applications where exposure to corrosive environments accompanies abrasive wear.
Versatility:
- Wear-resistant steel plates find applications in various industries, including mining, construction, manufacturing, agriculture, and material handling. They are used in equipment like buckets, conveyors, chutes, crushers, and more.
Customization:
- Wear-resistant steel plates are available in different grades and thicknesses, allowing for customization to suit specific application requirements. Some grades are optimized for extreme wear conditions, while others balance wear resistance with other properties.
Longevity and Cost Savings:
- The exceptional wear resistance of these plates extends the lifespan of components and equipment, reducing downtime and replacement costs. This longevity translates into significant cost savings over time.
Machinability:
- Depending on the hardness and grade, machining wear-resistant steel can be challenging. Proper tooling and machining techniques are often required.
It’s important to select the appropriate grade and thickness of wear-resistant steel plate based on the specific wear conditions and application requirements to ensure optimal performance and durability.
2.What is the difference between wear-resistant steel plates and ordinary steel plates?
Wear-resistant steel plates and ordinary steel plates differ significantly in their composition, properties, and applications. Here’s a comparison of the key differences between the two:
Composition:
Wear-Resistant Steel Plates:
- These plates are specially formulated with alloying elements, such as chromium, manganese, nickel, and sometimes additional elements like boron, to enhance their hardness and wear resistance.
- Alloying typically includes heat treatment processes to achieve high surface hardness.
Ordinary Steel Plates:
- Ordinary steel plates, often referred to as mild steel or carbon steel plates, contain primarily iron and low levels of alloying elements. They are not specifically designed for wear resistance.
Performance:
Wear-Resistant Steel Plates:
- Exceptional wear resistance is the primary performance characteristic of wear-resistant steel plates. They are designed to withstand abrasive wear, making them ideal for applications where components come into contact with abrasive materials like minerals, sand, gravel, or ores.
- These plates maintain their surface integrity even in harsh environments and exhibit excellent resistance to wear and abrasion.
Ordinary Steel Plates:
- Ordinary steel plates do not possess significant wear resistance. When subjected to abrasive forces, they are prone to rapid wear and material loss. They are not suitable for applications with abrasive wear conditions.
Applications:
Wear-Resistant Steel Plates:
- Wear-resistant steel plates are used in applications where components are exposed to abrasive wear and impact forces. Common applications include mining equipment (buckets, shovels, crushers), material handling (conveyors, chutes), construction machinery (excavators, bulldozer blades), and manufacturing machinery.
- They are also employed in industries such as agriculture, recycling, and cement production.
Ordinary Steel Plates:
- Ordinary steel plates are used in various structural applications where wear resistance is not a primary concern. They find use in building construction, bridges, automotive parts, general manufacturing, and other applications where strength and structural integrity are more critical than wear resistance.
Cost and Longevity:
Wear-Resistant Steel Plates:
- While wear-resistant steel plates may have a higher initial cost compared to ordinary steel, they offer significant cost savings in the long run. Their extended lifespan and reduced need for replacement parts result in lower maintenance and downtime costs.
Ordinary Steel Plates:
- Ordinary steel plates have a lower upfront cost but may incur higher replacement and maintenance costs over time when used in abrasive wear environments due to their shorter lifespan.
In summary, wear-resistant steel plates are specifically engineered to provide exceptional wear resistance and durability in abrasive environments, making them suitable for applications where ordinary steel plates would quickly wear out. The choice between the two depends on the specific application requirements and the wear conditions components will encounter.
3.What is the wear resistance of wear-resistant steel plates and which industrial fields are they suitable for?
Wear-resistant steel plates offer excellent wear resistance and are suitable for a wide range of industrial fields where components are exposed to abrasive wear. Their wear resistance is primarily attributed to their composition and heat treatment processes. Here’s an overview of their wear resistance and common industrial applications:
Wear Resistance:
Wear-resistant steel plates exhibit exceptional wear resistance due to several key factors:
Alloying Elements: These plates are alloyed with elements such as chromium, manganese, nickel, and sometimes boron. These alloying elements enhance the hardness and toughness of the steel, making it highly resistant to wear.
Heat Treatment: Wear-resistant steel plates typically undergo heat treatment processes, such as quenching and tempering. This enhances their hardness, strength, and wear resistance. The heat treatment process also helps to achieve a uniform microstructure, which contributes to wear resistance.
Carbide Precipitation: During heat treatment, carbides form within the steel’s microstructure. These carbides provide additional hardness and wear resistance, making the plates suitable for abrasive wear environments.
Industrial Fields:
Wear-resistant steel plates find applications in various industrial fields where abrasive wear is a prevalent issue. Common industries and applications include:
Mining: Wear-resistant plates are extensively used in mining equipment, including excavator buckets, dragline buckets, crusher liners, and screens. They protect critical components from abrasive wear caused by minerals, rocks, and abrasive materials.
Material Handling: Industries such as bulk material handling, including conveyor systems, chutes, and hoppers, rely on wear-resistant plates to withstand the abrasive impact of materials like coal, ore, sand, and gravel.
Construction and Earthmoving: Heavy construction equipment, such as bulldozer blades, loader buckets, and trencher components, benefit from wear-resistant plates to extend the lifespan of wear-prone parts.
Cement and Concrete: In the cement and concrete industry, wear-resistant plates are used in equipment like crushers, mixers, and wear liners to withstand the abrasive nature of cement clinker and aggregates.
Agriculture: Farm machinery, such as plowshares, harrows, and combine components, utilize wear-resistant steel plates to enhance durability in soil-contact applications.
Recycling: In recycling plants, wear-resistant plates are employed in shredder components and sorting equipment to withstand the abrasive effects of processing scrap materials.
Forestry: Equipment used in the forestry industry, including wood chippers and logging equipment, benefits from the wear resistance of these plates.
Automotive: In some automotive applications, wear-resistant plates are used in components subject to abrasive wear, such as truck bed liners and parts of construction vehicles.
Manufacturing: Manufacturing machinery and equipment involved in processes like metal forming and stamping may use wear-resistant plates in high-wear areas.
Waste and Environmental: In waste processing facilities and environmental cleanup operations, wear-resistant plates are utilized in equipment that handles abrasive waste materials.
In summary, wear-resistant steel plates are integral in various industries where components are exposed to abrasive wear, helping to extend the lifespan of equipment, reduce maintenance costs, and improve overall operational efficiency in high-wear environments.
4.What are the common types and grades of wear-resistant steel plates?
There are several common types and grades of wear-resistant steel plates available, each designed to meet specific wear challenges in different industries. Here are some common types and their characteristics:
AR400 and AR450: These are abrasion-resistant steel plates with a hardness range of 360-440 BHN (Brinell Hardness Number). They offer good abrasion resistance and are used in applications like construction equipment, mining, and recycling.
AR500: AR500 wear-resistant steel plates have a higher hardness level, typically ranging from 470-530 BHN. They are suitable for more demanding wear applications, such as heavy-duty mining and material handling equipment.
AR600: AR600 plates provide even higher hardness, typically in the range of 570-640 BHN. They are used in applications where extreme abrasion resistance is required, such as in rock crushing and mining.
Hardox: Hardox is a popular brand of wear-resistant steel plates manufactured by SSAB. They come in various grades, including Hardox 400, Hardox 450, Hardox 500, and so on, with increasing levels of hardness and wear resistance. These plates find applications in mining, construction, and agriculture.
XAR: XAR is another brand of abrasion-resistant steel plates produced by ThyssenKrupp. They offer excellent wear resistance and are used in industries like mining, construction, and agriculture.
Wearalloy: Wearalloy is a brand of abrasion-resistant steel plates known for their toughness and impact resistance. They are used in applications where both abrasion and impact are factors, such as in the aggregate and cement industries.
Tensalloy: Tensalloy is a brand of wear-resistant steel plates manufactured by Clifton Steel. These plates are designed for high-impact and high-abrasion applications, including construction, mining, and heavy equipment.
Creusabro: Creusabro is a wear-resistant steel with high tensile strength and excellent toughness. It is suitable for applications in quarries, construction, and earthmoving equipment.
Raex: Raex wear-resistant steel plates, produced by Ruukki, offer excellent wear resistance and impact toughness. They find applications in mining, construction, and agriculture.
Dillidur: Dillidur wear-resistant plates are known for their high hardness and resistance to wear. They are used in various industries, including mining, construction, and recycling.
The choice of wear-resistant steel plate depends on factors such as the specific wear challenges faced, the severity of wear, and the industry’s requirements. Each type and grade of wear-resistant steel plate has its unique balance of hardness, toughness, and wear resistance, making them suitable for different applications and environments.
5.How to evaluate and test the performance of wear-resistant steel plates?
Evaluating and testing the performance of wear-resistant steel plates involves various methods and assessments to ensure they meet the required specifications and perform optimally in their intended applications. Here are some key steps and tests to evaluate wear-resistant steel plates:
Material Specifications and Standards Compliance:
- Ensure that the wear-resistant steel plates meet industry-specific standards and specifications, such as ASTM, DIN, EN, or customer-specific requirements.
Chemical Composition Analysis:
- Verify that the chemical composition of the steel plates matches the specified requirements to ensure proper hardness and wear resistance.
Hardness Testing:
- Conduct hardness tests using methods like Brinell (HB), Rockwell (HRC), or Vickers (HV) to measure the steel’s hardness. The hardness should meet or exceed the specified values.
Tensile Testing:
- Perform tensile tests to evaluate the steel’s mechanical properties, such as tensile strength, yield strength, and elongation. These properties are crucial for assessing the material’s overall strength.
Charpy Impact Testing:
- Conduct Charpy impact tests to assess the steel’s resistance to impact and its toughness, which is particularly important in applications with abrasive and impact wear.
Microstructure Analysis:
- Examine the microstructure of the steel through metallographic analysis to ensure it consists of the desired phases, such as martensite or carbides, which contribute to wear resistance.
Abrasion Testing:
- Perform abrasion tests to evaluate the steel’s resistance to wear. Common methods include the ASTM G65 abrasion test or Taber Abrasion test, which simulates abrasive wear conditions.
Sliding Wear Testing:
- Conduct sliding wear tests using specialized equipment to simulate real-world wear conditions. Measure factors like wear rate, coefficient of friction, and wear scar morphology.
Impact Wear Testing:
- Evaluate the steel’s resistance to impact wear by conducting impact wear tests that simulate conditions in which the material experiences both abrasive and impact wear.
Field Testing and Case Studies:
- Consider field testing in real-world applications to assess the steel’s performance under actual working conditions. Gather data on wear rates, downtime, and maintenance costs.
Comparative Testing:
- Compare the wear-resistant steel plates against other materials or grades to determine their relative performance and suitability for specific applications.
Supplier and Manufacturer Certifications:
- Verify that the supplier or manufacturer has relevant certifications and quality control processes in place, such as ISO 9001, to ensure consistent product quality.
Customer Feedback:
- Gather feedback from customers who have used the steel plates in similar applications to understand their experiences and performance expectations.
Long-Term Monitoring:
- Continuously monitor the wear-resistant steel plates in service to assess their long-term performance and durability.
Evaluating the performance of wear-resistant steel plates is a comprehensive process that involves a combination of laboratory tests, real-world simulations, and feedback from end-users. The goal is to ensure that the material meets or exceeds the wear resistance requirements of the specific application and provides cost-effective and reliable performance over its service life.
6.What factors need to be considered when choosing a wear-resistant steel plate supplier?
When selecting a supplier for wear-resistant steel plates, several factors should be considered to ensure you receive high-quality products that meet your project’s requirements. Here are the key factors to keep in mind:
Product Quality:
- Assess the supplier’s reputation for delivering high-quality wear-resistant steel plates. Look for suppliers with certifications or quality management systems, such as ISO 9001, to ensure consistent product quality.
Material Specifications:
- Ensure that the supplier offers wear-resistant steel plates that meet the specific material specifications and standards required for your application.
Experience and Expertise:
- Choose a supplier with experience in supplying wear-resistant steel plates for your industry or application. An experienced supplier is more likely to understand your needs and provide appropriate solutions.
Customization:
- Check if the supplier can provide customized wear-resistant steel plates tailored to your project’s requirements, such as size, thickness, and hardness.
Material Selection Guidance:
- Look for suppliers that can offer expert advice on material selection based on your application’s wear conditions and performance requirements.
Price Competitiveness:
- Compare prices from multiple suppliers to ensure that you are getting a competitive price without compromising on quality.
Delivery Time:
- Evaluate the supplier’s lead times and ability to meet your project’s delivery schedule. Timely delivery is crucial to avoid project delays.
Inventory and Stock Levels:
- Confirm the supplier’s inventory levels to prevent potential shortages or long lead times for specific wear-resistant steel plate grades.
Geographic Location:
- Consider the supplier’s location in relation to your project site to minimize shipping costs and delivery times.
Supplier Reputation and References:
- Research the supplier’s reputation by reading reviews, requesting references, and considering their track record in delivering quality materials.
Quality Assurance:
- Inquire about the supplier’s quality control measures, testing processes, and certifications. Ensure that the steel plates are thoroughly tested and meet specified standards.
Warranty and Guarantees:
- Check if the supplier offers warranties or guarantees for their products, which can provide added confidence in the quality of the steel plates.
Customer Support:
- Evaluate the supplier’s customer support and responsiveness to inquiries, as effective communication is essential for a successful partnership.
Logistics and Shipping:
- Confirm that the supplier has a reliable logistics and shipping network to ensure secure and timely delivery.
Environmental and Sustainability Practices:
- Consider the supplier’s commitment to environmental sustainability and responsible sourcing of materials, which may align with your project’s goals.
After-Sales Service:
- Determine what after-sales support the supplier offers, such as technical assistance, troubleshooting, and problem resolution.
Payment Terms and Terms and Conditions:
- Review payment terms and the supplier’s terms and conditions to ensure they are acceptable for your organization.
By carefully considering these factors and conducting due diligence, you can select a reliable supplier of wear-resistant steel plates that meets your project’s requirements and ensures long-lasting performance.
7.What are the special requirements for the maintenance and upkeep of wear-resistant steel plates?
Proper maintenance and care are crucial to maximize the service life and performance of wear-resistant steel plates. Here are some special requirements and measures for the maintenance and upkeep of wear-resistant steel plates:
Regular Inspection:
- Implement a schedule for regular inspections to identify wear patterns and potential damage. Inspect areas of high abrasion and replace or repair plates as needed.
Cleaning:
- Keep the wear-resistant steel plates clean and free from debris, material buildup, or contaminants. Clean the surfaces to maintain optimal contact and reduce wear.
Lubrication:
- In applications where sliding or friction occurs, consider using appropriate lubrication to reduce friction and wear.
Impact Protection:
- In high-impact applications, implement impact protection measures such as impact bars, cushions, or liners to reduce direct contact between abrasive materials and the steel plates.
Welding Repairs:
- Use proper welding techniques and compatible welding materials for repairing wear-resistant steel plates. Follow the manufacturer’s guidelines for recommended procedures.
Hardfacing:
- Consider hardfacing or overlay welding to further enhance wear resistance in high-stress areas. This process involves applying a layer of wear-resistant material onto the steel plate.
Temperature Control:
- Maintain temperature control in applications with elevated operating temperatures, as excessive heat can affect the hardness and performance of wear-resistant plates.
Proper Handling:
- During installation, handling, and maintenance, use appropriate lifting and handling equipment to avoid damage or deformation of the wear-resistant plates.
Surface Treatments:
- Depending on the application, apply suitable surface treatments, such as coatings or liners, to enhance the wear resistance and reduce friction.
Record Keeping:
- Maintain detailed records of inspections, maintenance, and replacement schedules for wear-resistant steel plates. This data helps in monitoring performance and planning replacements.
Training:
- Ensure that personnel responsible for the maintenance of wear-resistant steel plates are well-trained in proper inspection, repair, and maintenance procedures.
Alignment and Installation:
- Accurate alignment and precise installation of wear-resistant plates are critical to ensure uniform wear distribution and avoid localized wear.
Scheduled Replacements:
- Establish a scheduled replacement plan based on wear patterns, application-specific requirements, and the manufacturer’s recommendations to maintain consistent performance.
Environmental Considerations:
- Take into account the environmental conditions of the application, such as humidity and chemical exposure, and select wear-resistant plates that are compatible with these conditions.
Consult Manufacturer Guidelines:
- Follow the manufacturer’s guidelines and recommendations for the maintenance and care of specific wear-resistant steel plates to ensure compliance with warranty conditions.
By adhering to these special requirements and implementing proactive maintenance practices, you can extend the service life of wear-resistant steel plates and reduce downtime and replacement costs in high-wear environments.
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